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Stunted growth, also known as stunting and nutritional stunting, is a reduced growth rate in human development. It is a primary manifestation of malnutrition (or more precisely undernutrition) and recurrent infections, such as diarrhea and helminthiasis, in early childhood and even before birth, due to malnutrition during fetal development brought on by a malnourished mother. The definition of stunting according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) is for the "height for age" value to be less than two standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards median. As of 2012 an estimated 162 million children under 5 years of age, or 25%, were stunted in 2012. More than 90% of the world's stunted children live in Africa and Asia, where respectively 36% and 56% of children are affected.〔United Nations Children's Fund, World Health Organization, The World Bank. UNICEFWHO- World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates. (http://data.unicef.org/resources/2013/webapps/nutrition)〕 Once established, stunting and its effects typically become permanent. Stunted children may never regain the height lost as a result of stunting, and most children will never gain the corresponding body weight. Living in an environment where many people defecate in the open due to lack of sanitation, is an important cause of stunted growth in children, for example in India.〔Spears, D. (2013). (How much international variation in child height can sanitation explain? - Policy research working paper ). The World Bank, Sustainable Development Network, Water and Sanitation Program〕 == Impacts == Stunted growth in children has the following public health impacts apart from the obvious impact of shorter stature of the person affected: * greater risk for illness and premature death〔 * may result in delayed mental development and therefore poorer school performance and later on reduced productivity in the work force〔 * reduced cognitive capacity * Women of shorter stature have a greater risk for complications during child birth due to their smaller pelvis, and are at risk of delivering a baby with low birth weight〔 * Stunted growth can even be passed on to the next generation (this is called the "intergenerational cycle of malnutrition")〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stunted growth」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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